Objectives

  1. Understand how computers can be used to represent real-world phenomena or outcomes
  2. Compare simulations with real-world contexts.
  3. Implement code to mimic real world situations, problems, or phenomena.

What are simulations by College Board definition?

  • Simulations are abstractions that mimic more complex objects or phenomena from the real world
    • Purposes include drawing inferences without the contraints of the real world
  • Simulations use varying sets of values to reflect the changing state of a real phenomenon
  • Often, when developing a simulation, it is necessary to remove specific details or simplify aspects
    • Simulations can often contain bias based on which details or real-world elements were included/excluded
  • Simulations allow the formulation of hypotheses under consideration
  • Variability and randomness of the world is considered using random number generators
  • Examples: rolling dice, spinners, molecular models, analyze chemicals/reactions...

Analyzing an Example: Air-Traffic Simulator

  • Say we want to find out what the optimal number of aircrafts that can be in the air in one area is.

  • A simulation allows us to explore this question without real world contraints of money, time, safety

    • Unfortunately we can't just fly 67 planes all at once and see what happens
  • Since the simulation won't be able to take all variables into control, it may have a bias towards one answer
  • Will not always have the same result

Functions we often need (python) 

import random # a module that defines a series of functions for generating or manipulating random integers
random.choice() #returns a randomly selected element from the specified sequence
random.choice(mylist) # returns random value from list
random.randint(0,10) #randomly selects an integer from given range; range in this case is from 0 to 10
random.random() #will generate a random float between 0.0 to 1.

Practicing randomization 

import random

number = random.randint(1, 100)

print("Welcome to the Guess the Number Game!")
print("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and 100. Can you guess it?")

while True:
    guess = int(input("Enter your guess: "))

    if 
        
    elif 
        
    else:
        print("Congratulations! You guessed the number!")
        break

Fill in the blanks ^^

Password Creator 

import random
import string

password_length = int(input("How long do you want your password to be? "))

password_characters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation

password = ''.join(random.choice(password_characters) for i in range(password_length))

print("Your password is:", password)

import random

responses = ["It is certain", "It is decidedly so", "Without a doubt", "Yes, definitely", "You may rely on it", "As I see it, yes", "Most likely", "Outlook good", "Yes", "Signs point to yes", "Reply hazy, try again", "Ask again later", "Better not tell you now", "Cannot predict now", "Concentrate and ask again", "Don't count on it", "Outlook not so good", "My sources say no", "Very doubtful"]

print("Welcome to the Magic 8-Ball!")
question = input("What would you like to ask? ")
print("The Magic 8-Ball says:", random.choice(responses))

Functions we often need (js) 

Math.random(); // returns a random number
Math.floor(Math.random() * 10); // Returns a random integer from 0 to 9:

College Board Question 1

Question: The following code simulates the feeding of 4 fish in an aquarium while the owner is on a 5-day trip:

numFish ← 4

foodPerDay ← 20

foodLeft ← 160

daysStarving ← 0

    REPEAT 5 TIMES {

    foodConsumed ← numFish * foodPerDay

    foodLeft ← foodLeft - foodConsumed

    IF (foodLeft < 0) {

    daysStarving ← daysStarving + 1

    }

}

  • This simulation simplifies a real-world scenario into something that can be modeled in code and executed on a computer.
  • Explain what the code does

Examples

Card Flip 

import random

cards = ["Ace", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "Jack", "Queen", "King"] 
suits = ["Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades", "Clubs"]

print(random.choice(cards) + " of " + random.choice(suits))

Coin Flip 

import random

def coinflip():         #def function 
    randomflip = random.randint(0, 1) #picks either 0 or 1 randomly 
    if randomflip == 0: #assigning 0 to be heads--> if 0 is chosen then it will print, "Heads"
        print("Heads")
    else:
        if randomflip == 1: #assigning 1 to be tails--> if 1 is chosen then it will print, "Tails"
            print("Tails")

#Tossing the coin 5 times:
t1 = coinflip()
t2 = coinflip()
t3 = coinflip()
t4 = coinflip()
t5 = coinflip()

Your turn: Change the code to make it simulate the flipping of a weighted coin.

Adding images (in Python)

  • Add a heads and tails images into your images directory with the correct names and run the code below
import random

# importing Image class from PIL package
from PIL import Image
 
# creating a object
im = Image.open(r"images/HeadsOn.png")
image = Image.open(r"images/TailsOn.png")

i=random.randint(0,1)

if i == 1:
    print("heads")
    display(im)

else:
    print("tails")
    display(image)

In order to display an image in python, we can use the PIL package we previously learned about.

Spin the Wheel 

import random

print("Spin the wheel!")
print("----------------------------------")

n = 300
blue = 0
red = 0
 
for i in range(n):
    spin = random.randint(1,2)
    if spin == 1: # head
        blue = blue + 1
    else:         # tail
        red = red + 1
 
print('Number of blue:', blue)
print('Number of red:', red)

Your turn, add a visual!

Population Growth and Plots 

import random

totalPopulation = 50 
growthFactor = 1.00005
dayCount = 0 #Every 2 months the population is reported

while totalPopulation < 1000000:
    totalPopulation *= growthFactor
    #Every 56th day, population is reported
    dayCount += 1
    if dayCount == 56: 
        dayCount = 0
        print(totalPopulation)

Here we initialize the total population to be 50, then set the growth factor as 1.00005 (.005 percent change). It will print the population every 56th day until it reaches one million. It multiplies the current population by the growth factor in each iteration, and increments the day count. When the day count reaches 56, it prints the current population and resets the day count to 0.

Note! This simulation assumes that the growth factor remains constant as time progresses, which may not be a realistic assumption in real-world scenarios.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define the initial population and growth rate
population = 100
growth_rate = 0.05

# Define the number of years to simulate
num_years = 50

# Create lists to store the population and year values
populations = [population]
years = [0]

# Simulate population growth for the specified number of years
for year in range(1, num_years+1):
    # Calculate the new population size
    new_population = population + (growth_rate * population)
    # Update the population and year lists
    populations.append(new_population)
    years.append(year)
    # Set the new population as the current population for the next iteration
    population = new_population
    
# Plot the population growth over time
plt.plot(years, populations)
plt.xlabel('Year')
plt.ylabel('Population')
plt.title('Population Growth Simulation')
plt.show()

If we create quantative data, we can plot it using the Matplotlib library.

Example on how simplification can cause bias 

import random

beak =  ["small-beak", "long-beak", "medium-beak"],
wing = ["small-wings", "large-wings", "medium-wings"],
height = ["short", "tall","medium"]


naturaldisaster = ["flood", "drought", "fire", "hurricane", "dustbowl"]


print("When a" , random.choice(naturaldisaster) , "hit",  random.choice(height), "birds died")
  • How does this simulation have bias?

JS examples

Dice Roll Binary Coin Flip Card Pull

Hacks

  • Answer all questions and prompts in the notes (0.2)
  • Create a simulation
    1. Create a simulation that uses iteration and some form of data collection (list, dictionary...) (0.4)
      • try creating quantative data and using the Matplotlib library to display said data
      • Comment and describe function of each parts
      • How does your simulation help solve/mimic a real world problem?
      • Is there any bias in your simulation? Meaning, are there any discrepancies between your program and the real event?
  • Answer these simulation questions (0.3)
  • Bonus: take a real world event and make a pseudocode representation or pseudocode on a flowchart of how you would make a simulation for it (up to +0.1 bonus)